In multicellular animals (Metazoa), reproduction takes one of two essentially different forms: sexual and asexual. In asexual reproduction the new individual is derived from a blastema, a group of cells from the parent body, sometimes, as in Hydra and other coelenterates, in the form of a “bud” on the body surface. In sponges and bryozoans, the cell groups from which new individuals develop are formed internally and may be surrounded by protective shells; these bodies, which may serve as resistant forms capable of withstanding unfavourable environmental conditions, are released after the death of the parent. In certain animals the parent may split in half, as in some worms, in which an individual worm breaks into two fairly equal parts (except that the anterior half receives the mouth, “brain,” and sense organs if they are present)
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