Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s oldest civilizations, thrived along the Nile River for over 3,000 years. It is known for its remarkable achievements in architecture, writing, and governance. The civilization’s history is divided into periods: the Pre-Dynastic and Early Dynastic periods saw the rise of agriculture and unification under King Narmer. The Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BCE) was marked by pyramid building, while the Middle and New Kingdoms expanded Egypt's power and culture. Religion played a central role, with pharaohs seen as divine. The civilization declined after invasions, internal strife, and eventual conquest by the Romans.