The Industrial Revolution, spanning from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries, marked a period of significant technological, economic, and social change. It began in Britain with innovations like the **steam engine** and **spinning jenny**, which revolutionized manufacturing processes and increased productivity. This era saw the rise of **factories**, urbanization, and advancements in transportation, such as **railroads** and **steamships**. The revolution led to substantial economic growth and improved standards of living but also brought challenges like **harsh working conditions** and **environmental pollution**. Its effects continue to influence modern industry, technology, and economic practices.