The evolution of the modern city spans from ancient urban centers to today's sprawling metropolises. Ancient cities like **Ur** and **Athens** featured basic infrastructure and trade networks, focusing on agriculture and defense. The Middle Ages saw cities grow as trade hubs with improved fortifications and marketplaces. The Industrial Revolution accelerated urbanization with technological advancements, leading to rapid city expansion and significant social changes. Today, modern cities are characterized by advanced infrastructure, skyscrapers, and complex transportation systems. They face challenges such as sustainability and smart technology integration while striving for efficient urban planning, economic development, and improved quality of life.