Key Points:
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Corruption in the Catholic Church (indulgences, simony) leading to Luther’s 95 Theses (1517).
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Luther’s sola fide (faith alone) vs. Catholic sacramental theology.
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Calvin’s predestination and the rise of Puritanism.
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The Catholic Counter-Reformation (Jesuits, Council of Trent).
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Legacy: How Protestantism shaped democracy, capitalism, and individualism.