Fear and phobias are psychological responses rooted in evolutionary survival mechanisms. **Fear** is a natural, adaptive response to perceived threats, triggering the **fight-or-flight** reaction through the **amygdala** and **sympathetic nervous system**. **Phobias**, however, are intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations that can interfere with daily life. They often stem from **past experiences**, **genetic predisposition**, or **learned behavior**. **Cognitive distortions** and **avoidance behaviors** also play a role in maintaining phobias. Treatment often involves **exposure therapy**, **cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)**, and **medication** to help individuals confront and manage their fears.