The history and science of astronomy involve the study of celestial objects and phenomena. Early civilizations, like the Babylonians and Greeks, observed the stars and planets, developing early models of the cosmos. The **Copernican Revolution** (16th century) introduced a heliocentric model, shifting views from an Earth-centered universe. **Galileo's** telescopic observations in the 17th century provided crucial evidence for heliocentrism. The 20th century saw advancements with **Einstein's theory of relativity** and the discovery of **exoplanets** and **dark matter**. Today, modern astronomy uses advanced telescopes and space missions to explore the universe, studying cosmic events, the formation of galaxies, and the potential for extraterrestrial life.