The Roman Empire, established in 27 BCE under **Augustus Caesar**, expanded to become one of the most influential empires in history. It reached its peak in the 2nd century CE, covering Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The empire's strength stemmed from its military prowess, advanced engineering, and legal innovations. However, internal strife, economic troubles, and external pressures led to its decline. The empire faced frequent invasions by barbarian tribes and suffered from political instability and corruption. In 476 CE, the Western Roman Empire fell when the last emperor, **Romulus Augustulus**, was deposed. The Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, continued until 1453.