Maltese dog refers both to an ancient variety of dwarf, white-coated dog breed from Italy[1] and generally associated also with the island of Malta, and to a modern breed of similar dogs in the toy group, genetically related to the Bichon, Bolognese, and Havanese breeds.[2] The precise link, if any, between the modern and ancient breeds is not known. Nicholas Cutillo suggested that Maltese dogs might descend from spitz-type canines, and that the ancient variety probably was similar to the latter Pomeranian breeds with their short snout, pricked ears, and bulbous heads.[3][4] These two varieties, according to Stanley Coren, were perhaps the first dogs employed as human companions.[5]